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The Lagoa Santa Karst.
Mylène BERBERT-BORN 1-20

Copied from: http://www.unb.br/ig/sigep/sitio015/sitio015english.htm

Geological and Paleontological Sites of Brazil - 015 THE LAGOA SANTA KARST Date: 15/02/2000 Mylène Berbert-Born e-mail: berbert@zaz.com.br    CPRM-Geological Survey of Brazil   SGAN 603 Conj. J Parte A 1o andar   Brasília-DF 70.830-030  © Berbert-Born,M. 2000. The Lagoa Santa karst. In: Schobbenhaus,C.; Campos,D.A.; Queiroz,E.T.; Winge,M.; Berbert-Born,M. (Edit.) Sítios Geológicos e Paleontológicos do Brasil. Published on Internet at the address http://www.unb.br/ig/sigep/sitio015/sitio015.htm   (The above bibliographic reference of author copy rights is required for any use of this article in any media, being forbidden the use for any commercial purpose)

ABSTRACT

Close to the North of Belo Horizonte, Center–South of Minas Gerais State, is one of the most important Brazilian regions in terms of carbonatic karstic landscape and in terms of the natural sciences history: the Lagoa Santa Karst. This region presents a dense set of typically dissolutive features in association with a hydrography with fluvial (subaerian) and karstic (underground) components, developed in pure calcarenites (CaCO3>94%) of the Sete Lagoas Formation (Bambuí Group) covered, on its major part, by significative pedological formations. The surficial relief (exokarst) evolved from the primordial configuration of underground hydric nets (endokarst) and from an intense dynamics at the interface rock/soil (epikarst), which integration favoured the appearing of multiple points of capture of the surficial waters according primary and secondary basins (coalescent dolines or sinkholes). At the same time, a strongly irregular covered rocky relief is conformed, as verified by apparent towers and warts in dissecated areas. Other common features are the big linear cliffs – resulting from the dolines evolution – canyons, blind-valleys and collapse dolines placed in fluviokarstic segments, as well as large lowered plains sazonally fooded (poljes). The underground channels net, structurally controlled, is presently connected to surface in most part, forming hundreds of caves. Paleontological sites of great value are associated to this environment, with specimens of the extinct pleistocenic megafauna, and also very important vestiges of the pre-historic human occupation in Brazil, among which, bones aging around 12 thousand years described by Peter Lund as the “Lagoa Santa Man”. The creation of an conservation unit called Environmental Protection Area (APA) increases the value of the natural and scientific patrimony and at the same time looks for to conciliate it with the conditions of intense urban and industrial development of the region.

INTRODUCTION

The Lagoa Santa region, localized near to Belo Horizonte, the State capital of Minas Gerais, is an important Brazilian exemplary of a karstic environment developed in carbonatic rocks.
Its typical and diversified karstic geomorphology shows some special features:
i) a great quantity of dolines with a variety of sizes, shapes and genetic patterns, usually limited by linear limestone cliffs;
ii) big outcropping or partially covered rocky massifs;
iii) many lakes with diverse hydric behaviors, associated to the dolines or in large lowered plains, and
iv) a complex net of underground channels, usually connected to the surficial relief and, so, accessible to man. This conjunct of big exposed dissolutive features, together with the small-scale dissolution forms (karren) and the typical vegetation of the area, stands out an landscape with scenic merit, and being so, with touristic interest.
Besides that, the karst of Lagoa Santa has academic importance due its beautiful examples of integrated dynamic processes of dissolution, transportation, clastic deposition and erosion at surface (exokarst), underground (endokarst) and at the interface rock-soil (epikarst).
The karst of Lagoa Santa also has a special meaning for the Brazilian people science and culture. It is considered the cradle of the Brazilian paleontology, archaelogy and espeleology. The pioneer reserchs is originally justified by the great quantity of caverns. The region has the greatest number of caves per area as known today in the country, which preserves many pleistocenic fossils, including the so-called extint megafauna, and the “most important traces of the pre-historic human occupation in Brazil, with rupestrian paintings, tools and bones, whose oldest registers age around 12,000 B.P.” ( Prous et al., 1998 ).
Another characteristic feature of the Lagoa Santa area is the intensive anthropic occupation, what implies risk for its integrity. Besides its demographic expansion, it represents an industrial and mining center of great economic importance. This conflicting situation, with a growing endangering of water, vegetation and relief, was a decisive factor for the establishment of a local Conservation Unity, named APA Carste de Lagoa Santa (Environmental Protection Area of Lagoa Santa Karst). The ecological-economic zoning realized by CPRM/IBAMA, in 1998, may be the start-point for a development in an harmonious coexistence with the natural patrimony of the area.

LOCALIZATION AND PHYSIOGRAPHY

Definition and situation
The Lagoa Santa Karst is a region situated around 30 km to the North of Belo Horizonte characterized by a dense ensemble of tipically dissolutive geomorphological features and by a drainage with fluvial (subaerial) and karstic (underground) components (figure 1).
Most of the karstic area localizes between the Velhas river (to the East) and the Mata stream (to the West-Southwest) and is limited to the South-Southwest by the granitic-gneissic terrains of the crystalline bedrock. The limits to the North are not well defined, but the karstic perimeter can be referred to the limits of the Environmental Protection Area (figure 1), covering more than 350 km2 in the municipalities of Vespasiano, Pedro Leopoldo, Confins, Lagoa Santa, Matozinhos, Funilândia and Prudente de Morais.
Some similar geomorphological and faciological belts extend to the Northwest towards the city of Sete Lagoas, but they are not considered as belonging to the Karst itself.

Drainage and relief
The main hydrographic sub-basins are related to the Samambaia, Palmeiras-Mocambo, Jaguara and Gordura streams (figure 1). The limits of these basins are not well recognized, because much routes of the underground flow are still unknown. All this drainage fall into the Velhas river, which is representing the regional base-level.
The main morfogenetic domains in this karstic region are defined by two physiographic features described by Auler (1994) in the center-southern portion of the area: the Karstic Plateau and the Mocambeiro Depression, with elevations ranging from 650m (the Mocambeiro plain and Sumidouro locality) to 900m (Ferradores elevation).
Kohler (1989) recognizes rests of the Sul-Americana Geomorphological Surface (Superfície Sul-Americana) in the high residual plateaus, marked by elongated and convexed elevations in altitudes over 800m. The dissecated portions of the karstic plateau are characterized in two different ways: 1) by a strongly wavy relief, with pedologic cover, composed by various basins mutually articulated according irregular polygons (single and coalescent dolines) coarsely aligned, that conducts the surficial water flux (authigenic) to multiple points of infiltration (Piló, 1998), and 2) by areas where big rocky massifs with karren are found. There are also portions where canyons and blind valleys characterizes fluoviokarstic segments. Several underground channels are intercepted by the surface of the relief, and hundreds of caves with different morfology and dimensions have been lifted. The more depressed areas appear as relatively large plains, with planned bottom and recoilled abrupt slopes (poljes), occupied by temporary lakes or channels of subaerial drainage.

Climate and vegetation
The average temperature in the area is around 23º C, with a minimum-media around of 11.2º C in the last period of 30 years ( in July ), and 29.6º C the maximum-media ( October through March ). The relative humidity ranges from 60 to 77% during the driest and most humid months respectively. The average pluviometry is around 1,380 mm. The dry period extends for about 5 months, from May thorugh September, with less than 7% of annual rains, characterizing a typical tropical pluviometric regime, and a great concentration of them in summer while winters are dried (Patrus, 1996).
The cerrado and the semidecidual stational forest are the main types of vegetation in the region (IBGE, 1993). The cerrado is restricted to remainned spots in regeneration or in transition form (mata-cerrado). In the dolines and around the rock outcrops the semidecidual stational forest is the main vegetation form. A decidual stational forest develops over the limestone outcrops (“mata-seca”) (Piló, 1998).

Geological background
The Lagoa Santa karstic features was developed in neoproterozoic carbonatic lithotypes of the Sete Lagoas Formation, Bambuí Group. They outcrop in the far Southeastern portion of the Precambrian Bambuí sedimentary basin, which belongs to the São Francisco Craton (figure 2A)
The local geomorphology reflects an stratigraphy marked by the succession of two different carbonatic units (Sete Lagoas Formation), underlying very fine grained siliciclastic rocks (Santa Helena Formation). This sedimentary succession lies in discordance in the Archaean Gneissic-Migmatitic Complex (figure 2B). The Cenozoic elluvium-colluvium lateritic-detritic covers which occur as residual surfaces to the plainning stages also play important role in the karstic relief structuring here described.

Figure 1: Localization and hydrography of the Lagoa Santa Karst.

Figure 2: Geology. A) Localization of the Lagoa Santa Karst in the sketch of São Francisco Craton (simplified from Almeida & Hasui, 1984 and Alkmim et al., 1993); B) Lithoestratigraphic Map of Lagoa Santa APA (Viana et al., 1998).

The stratigraphy adopted in this paper is the one defined by Schöll (1976), modified by Tuller et al. (1992), which recognizes seven depositional facies in the two carbonatic sub-units of the Sete Lagoas Formation: the Pedro Leopoldo and Lagoa Santa members. Tectofaciologic variations of the units have been also described in that last paper, besides the lithofaciological variations, both of importance in the geomorphological structuring in several scales.
According to those authors, the base of carbonatic sequence is formed by siliceous or so-named “impure” limestones with predominance of fine laminated calcisiltites and calcilutites and frequent thiny clay intercalations. The clastic participation is more acentuated at the contact with the crylstalline bedrock. Calcium carbonate grade is always under 90% and can reach 60% (Campos, 1994; Piló, 1998). This unit can reach 80m thick (Campos, 1994; Tuller et al., 1992).

A pack of very homogeneous calcarenites occur over the basal carbonates (Lagoa Santa Member), with CaCO3 grades over 94% and more than 200m thick in some places (Tuller et al., op.cit.). This is the unit more subjected to karstification. The contact between both members is very irregular, and can be transicional or interfingered, with intercalations of till 20m thick (Campos, 1994), or even rough. The Pedro Leopoldo calcisiltites can occur over the Lagoa Santa calcarenites, although restrictely.
The transition of the carbonatic to the pellitic sequence of the Serra de Santa Helena Formation can also be transitional (Campos, 1994), or in discordance to each other (Tuller et al., 1992). In some places the pellitic rocks rest directly over the basal calcisiltites.
The variable thickness of the units, their discontinuities, lateral and vertical faciologic variations and the differences in their mutual contact relations are thought to originated from the strongly irregular feature of the crystalline bedrock that characterizes the deposicional basin. Is also noteworthy that the paleorelief of the basin also displayed an important influence on the deformation arising out of tectonic movement, characterized by low angle transportation of the supracrustal sequence over the crystalline bedrock (“epidermic” or “thin-skinned” tectonics) from east to west.
The described sequence is variably deformed and exhibits low-grade metamorphism, with predominance of subhorizontal structures. So, the laminations and bandings correspond to the tectonic foliations coincident with the original bedding, this latter already transposed, specially in the oriental portion of the area where the deformation is more intense. The frequent calcitic and siliceous venulation observed according the transposition foliation reflects the great mobilization associated to a ductile deformation. The movement direction is quite well expressed by a very significant E-W mineral stretch lineation, with a soft dipping to E.
The deformation appears to be more intense at the contact between each of the units and at the base of the sequence, configuring inter and intralayers shear-zones, maybe resulting from the bigger proportion of clayey intercalations functioning as “lubrifying” agent, favouring the mass transportation.
Disruptive structures are specially represented by families of high angle fractures (subvertical) whose frequency and direction are variable over each lithotype and according to the structural or deformational domain. One may note that in the non-homogeneous basal limestones the structures associated to a ductile tectonics are better expressed, as the plane-parallel to wavy laminations. In the superior gross-grained and homogeneous limestones the structures are more of the rigid type, fracturing being specially important and decisive in the configuration of the present relief. Among the main ensembles, the E-W, N30-40E and N10-20W directions appear as the most prominent, but variations can appear according different structural domains as mentioned before. Some major vertical slip or oblique faults have been identified, and they are resposible for the individualization of the structural blocks and for the alignment of the slopes and groups of dolines (Campos, 1994).
The units appear covered in general by colluvium with variable thickness, that can reach 50-80m, according to drilling cores collected in the area (Campos, op cit.). The biggest thicknesses are found over the siliceous limestones of the base of the sequence, many times forming large plains sazonally floody.

Historical Background
The many archaeological records indicate an human occupation in the region back to at least 12,000 years ago (Prous et al., 1998). Bones, indigenous rocky artefacts, ceramics, bonfires traces, engravings, and rupestrian paintings, are found mainly in caves, shelters and by the cliffs.
Populations succeded occupying caves and shelters densely and permanently (Prous et al., op.cit.), cultivating the soils and using the waters from the lakes present in dolines. When the first “european expeditions” arrived in the area, around 1675 with Fernão Dias Paes, a rapid fragmentation of the local indian societies happened, specially because of the presence of alluvium gold (Piló, 1998).
Later men returns to their relation with the caves due the salpetre economic interest in the gunpowder fabrication (Gomes and Piló, 1992). This brought to the discover of animals and human bones which called the attention of the naturalist researchers of that time. From 1840 on records of the first systematic explorations and studies in the caves realized by the Danish scientist Peter Lund appear in literature. His researches projected Lagoa Santa region in the scientific world, especially for the suspition of contemporanity of the pre-historic population known as the “Lagoa Santa Man” and the extint fauna, an pioneer idea at that time (Prous et al., 1998). Lagoa Santa became the “cradle of the Brazilian archaeology and paleontology”.
Many other naturalists and travellers registered the landscape atributes of the area after Lund. The archaeological and paleontological researches promoted by the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro in the decades of 1920 and 1930, the studies of the Minas Gerais State Academy of Sciences along 20 years, and the American-Brazilian (decade of 50) and the French-Brazilian Mission (during the 70’s) expeditions are among the most important. Lanari, Padberg-Drenkpol, Aníbal Matos, Arnaldo Cathoud, Josaphat Pena, H.V.Walter, Hurt and Blasi, Souza Cunha, Paula Couto, Laming-Emperaire are some of the most notable researchers in the area. From the French-Brazilian Mission, the researches start to be conducted by Museum of Natural History of the Minas Gerais Federal University, under A. Prous and C. Cartelle. In the field of the geomorphological studies, Tricart, Barbosa, Journaux, Coutard and Kohler appear among the most important scientists.
The sudies done in the area, also comprised descriptions of the caves environment, their morphology, clastic and chemical sediments, and relations with the upperground landscape. For this reason, the region is also considered the “cradle of the Brazilian speleology”, specially because of Lund precursory studies. In 1937, the foundation of the first Brazilian society of speleology is registered– the Excursionist and Speleological Society SEE – associated to the Ouro Preto School of Mines. They start the first specific works on exploration, mapping and description toward the compreenhesion of the underground features of the terrains.
During the 80’s, several academic studies on geology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, limnology and paleoecology are registered in monographies, dissertations and thesis. Some speleological groups also make important actions. During the 90’s, multidisciplinary environmental projects were developed by governmental institutions (such as CPRM-Geological Survey of Brazil, CETEC-Technological Researchs Center of Minas Gerais State and IBAMA-Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) in partnership with municipal administrations, based on previous experiences brought with the construction of the international airport of Tancredo Neves, in Confins.
The pressure of the economic development, vital to the region, in an area of recognized physical fragility and of great scientific and cultural value, culminated in the stablishement of an Conservation Unit (Federal Decree no 98,881 of 26/01/1990). The premisses for a sustainable coexistence are already determinated trough its ecological-economic zoning.

DESCRIPTION
The Lagoa Santa region presents terrains of karstic geomorphology, with an irregular relief concave-convex type resulted from dissolution of carbonatic rocks and from the hydrographic structuration with important underground components.
So, typical features are shown in surface (exokarst) and in underground where a net of channels with variable dimensions and shapes is articulated constituting the endokarst. Such channels are accessible in surface, where they appear as caves, one of the most representatives features of the area. A third domain is represented by the interface rock/soil called epikarst. In all these domains there are specific components in different scales which must be considered for a better characterization of the environment as a whole.
Is should be emphasized the strong mutual vinculum among the surficial, subsurficial and underground features, since the subterranean dynamics has a determinant role on the configuration of the surficial relief, at the same time that the forms present in surface are fundamental for the water circulation and for the sediments moving. The dynamics of the dissolutive processes in the karstic domain has a reflex of especial meaning in the configuration of the Lagoa Santa landscape, according to Piló (1998).

Exokarst
Several physiographic units and subcompartments have been individualized in the region (CETEC, 1987; Kohler, 1989; Auler, 1994; CPRM, 1994; Piló, 1998): the Gorge and Abysms with High Cliffs unit; the Ouvalas Belt unit; the Karstic Plateau; the Poligonal Karstic Plateau; the Residual Planaltic Highs; the Dolines Plateau; the Matozinhos-Vespasiano Plateau; the Covered Karstic Surface; the Phyllitic Surface; the Lagoa Santa Lowered Surface; the Fluvial Plains; the Karstic Plains; the Mocambeiro Ouvala; the Riacho do Gordura Megaouvalas with Lakes; the Sumidouro Polje.
The units that better characterize the regional compartimentation, bringing together the dominant features in genetic relation with the hydric system are those defined by Auler (1994). Among them the ones which describe the karstic features are:

The Karstic Plateau
It defines the areas with a strongly irrregular topography in altitudes of 850 and 700 meters, where occur great concentrations of the main karstic features, such as the outcropping massifs, the linear cliffs, towers and warts with karren. Dolines are very frequent, specially the dissolution and subsidence (alluvium) types. In this compartment appear the Gorge and Abysms with High Cliffs, the Ouvalas Belt and Dolines Plateau units individualized by Kohler (1989) and Kohler et al. (1998) (figure 3A).
Fields of dolines characterize the karst developed in areas covered by soils of variable thickness. They often form bigger basins articulated according a celular net of irregular poligons with surficial radial centripeter drainage and many multiple points of infiltration situated at the bottom of the dolines (sinkholes). One important exemplar of this configuration is the Macacos-Baú Poligonal Depression (Piló , 1998). According to Piló (op. cit.), most of the dolines of that region have their basins limited by limestone scarp. They are asymmetric half-circled, with flat or funilated bottoms. Circular or oval dolines with asymmetric slopes, with no rock outcrops are also frequent.
Expressive ensemble with groups of dolines and rocky massifs exposed or semi-encovered also appear in the region of Lapinha, Lapa Vermelha, Cerca Grande and Jaguara areas, Poções and proximities, the Ciminas mining region, the Cauaia farm and Gordura areas (figure 3B). Some fluvial systems are present in combination with the underground hydrologic systems, which are responsible for the modelling of canyons and blind valleys as the ones in the Poções region, where collapse dolines are also common.
Some important alluvium plains in valleys of backward slopes are also considered components of the Karstic Plateau, as some portions of the Palmeiras-Mocambo, Samambaia, Jaguara and Gordura streams. The Samambaia stream plain deserves to be outstanded in this domain, and to be even individualized, to represent one important basin of discharge of the waters captured in the surrounding plateaus, conducted to the great depression of the Sumidouro lake (Sumidouro polje), near to the regional hydric base-level represented by the Velhas river.
Karren, are furrows and reentrances of milimetric to metric scale also considered as an particular karstic feature that seem to differenciate from region to region. In the Lagoa Santa Karst, some of the most notable forms of dissolution are those developed along the horizontal foliation or bedding (schichtenkarren), conforming lenticular or oval notches (figure 3C), usually a few centimeters to few decimeters size, frequently repeated, and sometimes concentrated along specific horizons. Vertical notches (rinnenkarren) are also common (figure 3D).
The Karstic Plateau geomorphology is strongly vinculated to the occurrence of the pure homogeneous limestones of the Lagoa Santa Member. One distinctive characteristic among the relief developed over the calcitic calcarenites and the siliceous calcisiltites, although capped by pedological mantles, is the shape of the slopes of the hills which, according to Campos (1994), is gentler over the siliceous limestones in comparaison with those on the calcisiltites.
Another notable aspect is the alignement of the linear cliffs and dolines, coincident with the directions of the main family of subvertical fractures present in the calcarenites (Beato et al., 1992; Berbert-Born et al., 1998; Piló, 1998), indicating the important control of these structures in the configuration of the local exokarstic hydrography and geomorphology. There are some known cases in which the vinculation is with the zones of high angle faults, as the Lapa Vermelha escarpment and an adjoining belt of coalescent dolines that extends in NW direction (Campos, 1994).

Figure 3: Characteristics of the Lagoa Santa exokarst. A) Geomorfological compartimentation of the APA area (Kohler et al., 1998); B) Jaguara massif region; C) Joint karren (schichtenkarren) and D) vertical notches (rinnenkarren).

Covered Karstic Surface
Are areas with a thick soil mantle over the limestones, that limitates very much the expression of the karstic forms. Such covers occur mainly at the occidental and meriodional portions of the area. The Phyllitic Surfaces cover large extensions where carbonates underlie metapellitic rocks. In this domain there are sugestive occurrences of karstic features which can derive from deep karstification of the carbonates.

Mocambeiro Depression
It corresponds to a large lowered plain with altitudes around 700 meters, boundered by hills with abrupt slopes and big rock outcrops. It is placed on an argillaceous mantle which covers the siliceous carbonates of the basis of the carbonatic sequence, according to drill holes made in the area (Campos, 1994). It is also described as a polje.
It represents the more dissecated region of the karst, with periodic flooding following large and gentle dolines. It functions as the local hydric base-level where the discharge of another great part of the waters collected and drained in the Karstic Plateau areas is directed to. In some places there are residual rocky massifs with small associated caves and shelters, classified as “hums”.

Epikarst
In the Lagoa Santa Karst it is possible to recognize an irregular rocky relief underlying a soil cover that delineates the general geometry of the high and medium-high slopes of the surficial relief. According to Piló (1998), the epikarstic relief is marked by two expressive features: i) the major ruin-shaped of towers and ii) covered karst karren types. Parcial outcrop of the residual features in the slopes profile conforming the so-called “warts” can also be found.
Piló believes that the dissolution must be quite accelerated in this interface rock/soil, where there is an important action of the enlarged fractures in the diffuse hydric recharge that happens in the establishment of a labyrinthitic pattern of the endokarstic forms (conduits) and in the dynamics of its feeling by sediments.

Endokarst
The caves – and their chemical and clastic deposits – are the most important representatives of the Lagoa Santa endokarst, together with the “fissures” or small channels that also make part of the endokarstic net, fundamental in the water dynamics and as habitat of a special fauna.
Inside the limits of the APA area there are 387 caves registered, reaching 500 if the adjoining around is considered, the Sete Lagoas municipality included. Considering the existence of meaningful non-prospected areas, those numbers serve to give an idea of the potenciality for new discoverings.
No other locality presents such density of caverns, which turns it a true “espeleological park”. The diversity of situations, morphologies and combinations offer a complete and complex figure of the karstic nature in small spaces of area.
The regional speleological context shows a predominance of small caves mostly less 500 meters of extension. Caves over 800 meters long stands out in the whole, as Baú, Boi, Irmãos Piriá, Rei do Mato (touristic), Buraco do Medo, Cerca Grande, Lemniskos, Morro Redondo and Cascata II caves. The biggest registered occurrences are the Gruta da Escada, with 1822 meters long, and Lapa Vermelha I, with 1870 meters long. Morro Redondo presents the biggest total difference in levels, about 75 meters, with a 52 meters span that ties two levels morphologically distincts of the cavern. The Tobogã, Salitre, Morena and Lapa Nova de Maquiné caves, situated few kilometers to the North of APA, are also regionally important, the last one being specially relevant by historical and touristic aspects.
A great variety of speleothem types occur in the diversity of small cave environments of the region. The caverns with larger profusion of speleothems are those already open to the tourists: Maquiné, Rei do Mato and Lapinha. Rei do Mato keeps extraordinary specimens of columns and stalagmites (figure 5A and B), beautiful calcite flowstones and expressive aggregate of stalactites. Calcite flowstones and curtains are the great attractions in Lapinha (figure 5C).
Ensembles of stalactites, stalagmites, columns, calcite flowstones and travertine dams of small to medium size (centimetric to decimetric) are common in the other caverns, as well as coraloids forms (like “cauliflowers”), which cover large extensions of the enclosing rocks. Are also common calcite crystals called “tooth-of-dog” and helictites. The travertine dams are shallow in general and occupy large areas along the low-angle slopes. Travertine microdams are a common variety, texturing other speleotems surfaces (figure 5D). Deep travertine basins are unusual and are found in the Baú, Escada and Poções caves. Also unusual are the big stalactites over 4 meters long such as those present in Lapa Vermelha I and in Paredão da Fenda III. There are isolated occurrences of cave pearls, volcanos, aragonite curtains, gypsite leaves and needles ( figure 5E), calcite flowers, triangles and circles.

Figure 4: Localization of the caves and of the main ensemble of karstic features of the Lagoa Santa Karst.
General characteristics of the caves
At the surface the caverns appear in several different situations, associated to many types of dolines, scarps and rocky massifs. There are some aglomerations that, together with the surficial forms, vegetation and water bodies, complete special landscapes, some of wich increased by historical and cultural meaning. This happens with the Cerca Grande Karstic Ensemble, Poções Archeological and Scenery Ensemble, Cauaia and Gordura massifs, Porteira de Chave ensemble, Lapinha massif, Mocambeiro and its residual massifs plain, Sumidouro lake, Lapa Vermelha region, Experiência da Jaguara ensemble, Macacos-Baú massif and dolines on South of Ciminas quarry. The first two areas are specially protected units.

Figure 5: Aspects of Lagoa Santa endokarst - speleothems: A) Speleothems in the main chamber of the Rei do Mato touristic cave; B) Stalagmites and columns in Rei do Mato cave; C) Details of curtain in Lapinha cave; D) Travertine microdams in the curtains surface; F) Gypsite needle in the Intoxicado cave.

Geological conditioning
A first distinction of shape, arrengement, distribution and frequency of the channels and caverns is made by the faciologic differenciation (lithologic and tectonic) of the carbonatic sequence where the karstic relief emerge.
Most of the caverns develop in the homogeneous calcarenites of the Lagoa Santa Member, where is the typical surficial karstic relief and the main underground hydrological systems. Statistically, there is preference of conduits belonging to different hierarchies for certain directions coincident with definide families of fractures. The underground galleries are bigger and more frequent in the N75-85E and near N-S directions (figure 6A) (Berbert-Born et al., 1998). It is expected that the nearly E-W fractures be structures really more apt for an initial enlargement, once they must represent the main group in the region, arising out of extension tectonic processes (Beato et al., 1992). The preferential development of the conduits in the N-S direction is concordant with local patterns of dolines alingnment that, according to Piló (1998), can reflect the influence of the subhorizontal foliation sofly dipping to the East.
The verticalized geometry of most of the transversal sections of the galleries (figure 6B) is an expected feature by the influence of the subvertical atitudes of the fractures. Cases in which the channels appear in a perfect labyrinthitic net coincident with the articulation of the fracture groups are very common, such as the Escada, Cerca Grande and Lapa Vermelha caves. In other situations in non-reticulated galleries, rectilinear portions or even sinuosities clearly imposed by that type of structure are recognized. So the sections with horizontal tendency are restrict to situations in which the foliation or lamination is locally more expressive or in calcitic concentrated levels (remobilized veins).
The impure calcisiltites of the basal sequence (Pedro Leopoldo Member), with frequent pellitic intercalations, are composicionally less favorable to karstification. The cavernning occurs in special situations, along the inferior and superior interformational contacts where deformation is intensified. At the inferior contact it is related to the lesses permeability of the crystalline bedrock, which forces a longer time of the water residence and its circulation in the overlied limestone. The best example of this is the Irmãos Piriá cave. The incision tends to be lateral with progressive widening, characterized by the displacement of the thin tabular blocks, induced by the strong ondulated foliation and by their own argillaceous intercalations.
Where the deformation is stronger and more generalized, the mineral-stretch lineation observed in the planes of the aproximately E-W subhorizontal lamination has a significative control in the openning of small channels, reenterings and circular or oval roles. The Gruta da Lapinha keeps characteristic examples of that, just as illustrated by figure 6C (Berbert-Born et al., 1998).

Nevertheless the bigger generic characterization of the caverns in terms of their lithostratigraphic and structural configuration, there still is a great morphological diversity resulting from the local hydrological variants.
The Karstic Plateau is a region of great hydric dynamics of capture and transmission of the pluvial waters towards the local base-levels. In some fluoviokarstic segments of the area there are caverns typically configurated by the rapid and turbulent flux of the underground rivers, showing sinuosity character with rectilinear portions, and galleries vinculated to different tributary hierarchies that are active drainage for a short cut of time usually. So, there are caverns which configure small portions of a drainage net, with actually “disconected” segments in consequence of relief dissecation. The main occurrences are in the Poções region.
But most part of the caverns in this physiographic domain is associated to the dolines, speacially those bounded by the limestone scarp. Their opennings can be at the base of the cliffs, at the present bottom of the dolines or above it. They function as present or past points of capture (sinkholes) of the basins drainage or they are associated to active and non-active basin floodings.

There are several examples of presently dried caverns situated above the bottom of the dolines, showing lateral opennings at “half-high” of the scarps, such as in the Escada cave. In these cases, it is common the development of little extensive and irregular caverns at the foot of the cliffs in the bottom of the doline, functioning as present capture of the waters drained in the basin. One may note examples that register the progressive evolution of one type to another.
Some of these caverns in the bottom of dolines correspond to later conections of the relief with a subterranean system previously conformed. In other words, they are subsidence dolines evolved from an installed underground net. In general, this type of situation occurs according doline groups in mutual proximity, characterizing multiple points of surficial capture, someway conected in the subterranean.

Figure 6
According to Auler (1994, 1995), lakes in dolines are determinative for labyrinthitic (reticular) planimetries of caves, with a anastomosed tendency, in dependence of the local limestone structuring. However, the caverns associated to this type of condition show a complex morfology resulting from the polycyclic hydrologic variations, marked by superimposed features.
There are good records of different superimposed evolutive phases in the Baú, Escada and Lapa Vermelha caves, among them, conditions of water level fluctuation, different phases of sedimentary filling intercalated to the prevailing chemical precipitation, traces of paragenetic processes, vadose re-incision by drainnings from the slopes of dolines. As for the incidence of combinations of different genetic agents it can also be cited the Lavoura, Morro Redondo and Poções caves (Berbert-Born et al., 1998).

Figure 7: Detailled features of the Lagoa Santa Karst. A) Laterally disposed windows at half-high of the Cerca Grande rocky massif, each one conducting to underground galleries mutally parallels, and panoramic view of the massif; B) Lapa Vermelha entrance in summer, with persons as scale at the center and base of the opening, and detail ot the entrance in winter.

Other types of caverns are the exclusive result of the more chemically aggressive, although still dispersive, of the intersticial waters that percolate the rock discontinuities in a descendent slow flux. They are little sized in general, sinuous to rectilineous, without great intercommunications but with big density of occurrence. They commonly are in the high massifs such as the Poções and Lapinha, although such processes also compound the evolution of the other cavities. Furthermore, the action of these waters can get to surprinsing magnitudes when remodelling completely the profiles of the galleries walls, besides being the principal agent in the elaboration of the secondary chemical precipitateds (speleothems).

In the Depressão de Mocameiro unit (Mocambeiro plain), the more significative caverns generaly occur at the base of the rocks residual to denudation boundered by the outcropping phreatic water. In face of the low hydraulic gradient, labyrinthitic galleries are articulated with sections of horizontalized profile due to the expression of the solubilizying processes along the water surface. They are caverns in complete present conformation, as the caves at the base of the Jaguara massif. In the massifs and “hums” there also exist caverns located in a certain high above the present
outcropping water level, some of those materializing past water levels.

Sediments
Different phases of sedimentary deposition are registered in many caverns in the region. One remarkable aspect is the association among clastic sequences and levels of chemical precipitation. The sediments are mainly made up of breccias with argillaceous components, sands, pebbles, rock fragments and speleothems in very variable proportions which offer vestiges about the deposicional energies.
Piló (1998) identified three distinct sedimentary deposits under stalagmitic covers in Baú cave, with rests of extinct fauna. Over each one erosive process have incided, that determine a great remobilization and leaching of materials, under vadose regime. U/Th age determinations on the stalagmitic concretions samples indicate active deposicional cicles between 135 and 60 thousand years ago. For the chemical depositions , conditions of more humid climates were interpreted.

Evolutive considerations
The evolutive model of the Macacos-Baú depression proposed by Piló (op. cit.) expresses the main stages of the dynamics of the regional geomorphology development.
Comparing the estimated local rates of the deeping velocity of the dolines (altimetric relation between the stalagmitic covers U/Th age determined and the present bottom of the dolines) and the total difference in levels of 210 meters between the Sul-Americana residual plateau and the lowest point in the studied region, it was possible to estimate in 1.9 M.a. as the maximum age for the beggining of the incision of that surface, although the dolines have an accelerated dynamics of evolution in the general context of the landscape formation.
The model defends the configuration of an underground drainage before the constitution of the karstic relief, evolving to a relief of closed depressions (the beginning of the dolines formation) with the gradative encrease of the conections of the endokarstic systems (Low Quaternary). Many caverns that outcrop today should be related to these primary systems under phreatic regime.

The conformation of the sinkholes has permitted the flux of a great volume of detritus as debris flows and hydrous fluxes, marking a period of a very active morfogenesis, probably related to episodes of intense rains under a sparse vegetation cover. Expressive volumes of channels were generally filled, and that could be induced, in posterior cicle or cicles, “sectorized” paragenetic development of galleries. A long period of greater stability and reduction of the clastic flux followed that phase, and this has permited a chemical sedimentation over the clastic sediments, what can be related with the expressive climatic change, with the local base-level deeping or with the impediment of the hydric circulation due to the sediments fill. Later, there was erosion of the deposits atributed to another period of intense rains. All this phase of clastic filling, followed by checmical precipitation and a posterior process of erosion is dated older than 135 years ago, based on a stalactite developed under one of the stalagmitic concretion which overlies an important clastic deposit. Other less energetically intense clastic and chemical depositional period happened, associated to events of vadose incision of the galleries and sediments previously deposited (at least three episodes of chemical sedimentation have been identified). In the sediments underlied stalagmitic concretions aging near 70 thousand years, vestiges of a extinct megafauna are present.

The increasing of the endokarstic conections, induced even by the epikarstic evolution, must have facilitated the transportation of the covering materials, justifying the conformation of the secondary dolines superimposed to the profile of greater slopes, during the terminal Pleistocene, according a new period of higher humidity, recorded by pollens and age determinations of the lake sediments.

Holocenic processes would be expressed by the enlargement of the dolines, covering depressing, introduction of more material in the endokarst, block falls in the limestone cliffs and generation of new stalagmitic covers even over pre-historic human vestiges.

PALEONTOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
Since Lund, a great number of informations have been generated in the fields of paleontology and archaeology, the bigger interest being on the “Lagoa Santa Man” and the populations that succeded him. Many of the paleontological founds resulted from the archaeological researches (Cartelle et al., 1998).
There still is an enormous potentiality for systematic paleontological researches, considering the great number of small caves almost unknown and their deposicional characteristics. Among the paleontological material already revealed stand out the components of the extinct Pleistocenic fauna, such as the giant sloths, “tooth-saber” tiger (figure 8), lhamas, horses, giant armadillos and mastodons. Nowadays, the paleontological studies are resctricted to the researches of the Catholic University of Minas Gerais and Museum of Natural History of the Federal University of Minas Gerais.
The Lagoa Santa archaeology has it importance not only for its role in the history of that science in Brazil, but also for its antropo-biological revelations, for the environmental changes vestiges in the Holocene period, for the records of the man fixation in the area and his surviving, as well as for the traces of pre-historic technology (lythic , bone, shells, wood and ceramics industries), according to Prous et al. (1998). Studies already completed made possible to define a general overview of the regional human occupations and their limitations. Besides that they have permitted the visualization of the symbolic world of men in pre-history, specially the funerary rituals and the “rupestrian arts”.
The existence of many sites with “parietal grafisms” elevates the Lagoa Santa region to the status of one among the most important “rupestrian provinces” in Brazil. Special important are the informations about the cronology of the paintings and the recognizing of several stilistic units. For the first time in Brazil, rupestrian paintings had a “semi-absolute” age (minimum age) determination when paintings were discovered below levels of occupation dated by radiocarbon method. The first drafts aged early as 6 000 years.
The oldest known vestiges are “bones dated by coals aging between 10.200 and 11.680 years”, age also confirmed in a recent determination on humic acids after-death penetrated in a person’s bone (Proust et al., 1998).
Around a hundred of pre-historic sites, among rock shelters and open-sky sites are recorded by the Archaeological Sector ot the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Besides the number of sites, it surprises the quantity of existing material, among which around 80 individuals have been discovered during only one of the researches done in the region (Prous et al., op.cit.).
Note that some portions of the area, particularly the North and Northeastern ones are almost unexplored by archaeologists, so being promising for the discovering of new “key-sites” for science.
The archaeological and paleontological material is groupped in scientific and didatic collections of well known institutions, and also in private collections. A lot of material was taken outside Brazil by Lund. Stands out the collections of the Kopenhagen Museum of Zoology (Denmark), the Museum of Man in Paris, the National Museum (Rio de Janeiro), the Museum of Natural History of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (Belo Horizonte), the Museum of Mineralogy of the Federal University of Ouro Preto, the Center of Archaeology Annette Laming-Emperaire (Lagoa Santa), the Technological Researchs Center of Minas Gerais State (CETEC/MG). As private collection may be cited the Archaeological Museum of Lapinha.

Figure 8: Two fossils collected by Peter Lund in Lagoa Santa (in Cartelle et al., 1998): A) Complete skeleton of a giant sloth (6 meters long); B) Complete skeleton of a “saber-tooth” tiger (2 meters long).

Most of the caverns have suffered or are suffering direct or indirect interferences of anthropic activities. The more common and notable are the ones of aesthetic order such as: speleothems breakage, scribblings and rubbish accumulations. However, there are other serious damage to the caverns, although less evident to the common observer. They result from the slow transformations or come from less perceptive components, but no less importants, such as the fauna, the sedimentary deposits, the water activity. The impregnation of the surfaces by grime from fires or other corrosive substances, the algae growing induced by artificial lightening, the covering of areas by mobilized sediments, flooding, drying, alterations on water physicochemical and biological composition and modifications on the natural drainage that alter the cicle of activity of the speleothems, the natural evolution of the forms and the development of the fauna.
Mining activity is responsible for many of these impacts, since it removes vegetation and soil, inducing the detritus arrival and modifying the conditions of the water flux. The transit of the machinery, the explosions and the chimneys emissions which generate several types of dust and the detonations shock are possible impactant agents. In this case the damages have a punctual character, but drastic. There are isolated cases of harmonious coexistence between this type of activity and the speleological sites, cases of irrecoverable damages and cases of imminent riscks.
Because it is more extensive, agricultural is perhap the greatest impactant agent, facilitating the soil removal and nutrients carrying out to the caverns. Besides that deforesting exposes the caverns openings, modifying the internal atmosferic conditions and attracting a large number of people. Without the natural protection of vegetation, the frequent pre-historic paintings and other archaeologic vestiges become more subjected to the weathering action.
The generalized broken of walls and floor concretions of the caverns is very common, resulting from exploitation of the calcitic concretions mainly in the proximities of the openings, as well the “residue” of the excavations in search of archaeological pieces and pre-historic bones. There also was the time when saltpeter was exploited as gun-powder raw material. The historical and cultural significance comprises successifull and not so successifull scientific explorations, some of them definitly harmful because of the absence of appropriate methods employed.

Figure 9: Rupestrian paintings in Lapa do Ballet: anthropomophs.

CONSERVATION STATUS
In conclusion, the speleological patrimony ís high vulnerable to destruction for its localization in a populous and industrial area, and is moderatly damaged already wtih some critical cases. The intense depredation arised out of the visits themselves points to the necessity of a project of environmental education to the local inhabitants. The more viable and efficient way of conservation is the fiscalization by the own inhabitants, once they are conscious of the value of the natural patrimony where they live. It is also wholesome the maintenance of the native vegetation at the proximities of the caverns openings or, in other words, close to the massifs, rocky cliffs and dolines, what means the conservation of the external landscape proper (Berbert-Born et al., 1998).

TOURISTIC POTENTIALITY
The reduced size of the caverns is a factor restrictive itself to the touristic visitation, since the natural environment is not capable of holding a great number of persons without strong interferences, being frequent the situations of discomfort and risk. On the other hand, the dense agglomeration of the caves is a very interesting aspect with touristic appeal.
The “conventional” touristic utilization as such happens in Maquiné, Rei do Mato and Lapinha caves, to where the visitor goes with the intention of admiring speleothems and large chambers, seems to be exhausted. Viable alternatives turn to be those related to the “speleological routes” with educational purposes towards the illustration of the karst dynamics, the biota and the human occupation.
Such way of visitation does not require great adaptations to what is offered by the environment itself, but little improvement in the access perhaps. The natural imposition is the visitation by small groups of people accompanied by trained and instrumented guides in ccompatible number, what means the necessity of low investments. The routes, on their turn, must have technical approvement after rigorous avaliation of the points to be visited, being necessary to observe the susceptibilities of what is going to be opened to visitation, the fauna and the risk factors to the visitors. This evaluation must indicate the ideal number of persons and the periodicity of visitation, the necessary procedures and the restrictions (Berbert-Born et al., 1998).
In synthesis, any iniciative in this way requires a management plan.

COLLABORATORS
Critical reading, suggestions and backing of Dr. Luís Beethoven Piló was crucial for this paper elaboration, as well as the bibliographic material conceded by Dr. Heinz Charles Kohler. An profound acknowledgment to these both researchers. And also to Carlos Oití Berbert, always an fundamental person.

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